data/03_data/04_preprocessed_data/database_api_reference.md

Database API Reference

This document was autogenerated from source YAMLs for full provenance and data transparency. Please note that if scales were coalesced into one scale during the processing (named _overall) the subscales are removed and the info remains only for documentation purposes.

Data Columns and Scales by Wave

Column Name	Data Type	Wave	Questionnaire	File	Scale Name	Cronbach's \alpha	Calculation	Score Range/Categories	Description	Applied To Group	Reference	Retain Single Items
user	BOOLEAN	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	usage_and_experience	usage_and_experience.yaml	user	Not applicable	boolean	Boolean (true / false)	User of a language-based AI system	all	self	No
open_to_use	BOOLEAN	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	usage_and_experience	usage_and_experience.yaml	open_to_use	Not applicable	boolean	Boolean (true / false)	Openness to Using AI Systems in the Future	all	self	No
apple_use	TEXT	wave1	apple_use	apple_use.yaml	apple_use	Not applicable	categorical	2 categories	Current Use of Apple Device	all	self	No
attitudes	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	attitudes	attitudes.yaml	attitudes	wave1: 0.9207, wave2: 0.9295, wave3: 0.9409, wave4: 0.9450, wave5: 0.9449, wave6: 0.9484	mean	1–5	Attitudes toward AI in general (ATTARI-12)	all	Stein et al., 2024	No
attitudes_toward_ai_decisions	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	attitudes_toward_ai_decisions	attitudes_toward_ai_decisions.yaml	attitudes_toward_ai_decisions	wave1: 0.9141, wave2: 0.9183, wave3: 0.9260, wave4: 0.9296, wave5: 0.9377, wave6: 0.9359	mean	1–5	Attitudes Toward AI in Decision-Making	all	self	No
attitudes_toward_disclosure	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	attitudes_toward_disclosure	attitudes_toward_disclosure.yaml	attitudes_toward_disclosure	wave1: 0.9016, wave2: 0.9122, wave3: 0.9252, wave4: 0.9288, wave5: 0.9316, wave6: 0.9368	mean	1–7	Attitudes Toward AI Data Disclosure and Privacy	all	Gieselmann, M., & Sassenberg, K. (2023); https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393221142787	No
attitudes_usage	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	attitudes_usage	attitudes_usage.yaml	attitudes_usage	wave1: 0.8475, wave2: 0.8675, wave3: 0.8924, wave4: 0.8981, wave5: 0.9054, wave6: 0.9142	mean	1–5	Attitude toward usage (UT scale)	all	Venkatesh et al., 2009	No
bigfive_extraversion	FLOAT	wave1	bigfive	bigfive.yaml	bigfive_extraversion	wave1: 0.8252	mean	1–5	Big Five Extraversion	all	Veloso Gouveia et al, 2021	No
bigfive_agreeableness	FLOAT	wave1	bigfive	bigfive.yaml	bigfive_agreeableness	wave1: 0.6379	mean	1–5	Big Five Agreeableness	all	Veloso Gouveia et al, 2021	No
bigfive_conscientiousness	FLOAT	wave1	bigfive	bigfive.yaml	bigfive_conscientiousness	wave1: 0.6750	mean	1–5	Big Five Conscientiousness	all	Veloso Gouveia et al, 2021	No
bigfive_neuroticism	FLOAT	wave1	bigfive	bigfive.yaml	bigfive_neuroticism	wave1: 0.8560	mean	1–5	Big Five Neuroticism	all	Veloso Gouveia et al, 2021	No
bigfive_openness	FLOAT	wave1	bigfive	bigfive.yaml	bigfive_openness	wave1: 0.6794	mean	1–5	Big Five Openness	all	Veloso Gouveia et al, 2021	No
context_of_use_user	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	context_of_use	context_of_use.yaml	context_of_use_user	Not applicable	categorical	2 categories	Primary Context of Personal AI Usage	users	self	No
context_of_use_no_user	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	context_of_use	context_of_use.yaml	context_of_use_no_user	Not applicable	categorical	2 categories	Primary Context of AI System Usage	nonusers	self	No
cognitive_selfesteem_thinking	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	cognitive selfesteem	cognitiv_selfesteem.yaml	cognitive_selfesteem_thinking	wave1: 0.9031, wave2: 0.9152, wave3: 0.9165, wave4: 0.9033, wave5: 0.9231, wave6: 0.9095	mean	1–7	cognitive selfesteem thinking	all	Ward (2013)	No
cognitive_selfesteem_memory	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	cognitive selfesteem	cognitiv_selfesteem.yaml	cognitive_selfesteem_memory	wave1: 0.9162, wave2: 0.9138, wave3: 0.9183, wave4: 0.9153, wave5: 0.9262, wave6: 0.9178	mean	1–7	cognitive_selfesteem memory	all	Ward (2013)	No
cognitive_selfesteem_transactive_memory	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	cognitive selfesteem	cognitiv_selfesteem.yaml	cognitive_selfesteem_transactive_memory	wave1: 0.8478, wave2: 0.8434, wave3: 0.8519, wave4: 0.8622, wave5: 0.8551, wave6: 0.8595	mean	1–7	cognitive selfesteem transactive memory	all	Ward (2013)	No
closeness_favorite_ai	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	closeness	closeness.yaml	closeness_favorite_ai	Not applicable	categorical	7 categories	Perceived Closeness to Favorite AI	users	Aron et al. (1992); https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596	No
credibility_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	credibility	credibility.yaml	credibility_favorite_ai	wave1: 0.8890, wave2: 0.8784, wave3: 0.9001, wave4: 0.9134, wave5: 0.9270, wave6: 0.9208	mean	1–5	Perceived credibility of favorite AI system	users	Flanagin & Metzger (2000)	Yes
credibility_ai_no_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	credibility	credibility.yaml	credibility_ai_no_user	wave4: 0.9348, wave5: 0.8952, wave6: 0.9466	mean	1–5	Perceived credibility (no user)	nonusers	Flanagin & Metzger (2000)	No
creepiness_favorite_ai_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	creepiness	creepiness.yaml	creepiness_favorite_ai_user	wave1: 0.9521, wave2: 0.9423, wave3: 0.9290, wave4: 0.9460, wave5: 0.9360, wave6: 0.9339	mean	1–7	Perceived Creepiness Favorite AI	users	Langer & König (2018); https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02220	No
creepiness_ai_no_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	creepiness	creepiness.yaml	creepiness_ai_no_user	wave4: 0.9517, wave5: 0.9203, wave6: 0.9476	mean	1–7	Perceived Creepiness AI	all	Langer & König (2018); https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02220	No
delegation_comfort	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	delegation_comfort	delegation_comfort.yaml	delegation_comfort	wave1: 0.8151, wave2: 0.8201, wave3: 0.8295, wave4: 0.8479, wave5: 0.8492, wave6: 0.8675	mean	1–5	Comfort Level in Delegating Different Task Types to AI	all	self	No
age	FLOAT	wave1	demographics	demographics.yaml	age	Not applicable	response	18–110	Age of participants (numerical value 18-110)	all	self	No
gender	TEXT	wave1	demographics	demographics.yaml	gender	Not applicable	categorical	3 categories	Gender	all	self	No
education	TEXT	wave1	demographics	demographics.yaml	education	Not applicable	ordinal	6 categories	Highest Level of Education Completed	all	self	No
income	TEXT	wave1	demographics	demographics.yaml	income	Not applicable	ordinal	6 categories	Total Household Income Before Taxes (Past 12 Months)	all	self	No
enjoyment_favorite_ai_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	enjoyment	enjoyment.yaml	enjoyment_favorite_ai_user	wave1: 0.9178, wave2: 0.9273, wave3: 0.9454, wave4: 0.9483, wave5: 0.9528, wave6: 0.9493	mean	1–7	Enjoyment of favorite AI system	users	Venkatesh (2000)	Yes
choice_favorite_ai_user	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	favorite_ai	favorite_ai.yaml	choice_favorite_ai_user	Not applicable	categorical	10 categories	Choice of favorite AI system	users	self	No
choice_favorite_ai_no_user	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	favorite_ai	favorite_ai.yaml	choice_favorite_ai_no_user	Not applicable	categorical	10 categories	Choice of favorite AI system	nonusers	self	No
general_experience_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	general_experience_ai	general_experience_ai.yaml	general_experience_ai	Not applicable	response	1–5	General experience with AI systems	all	self	No
intention_use_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	intention_usage	intention_usage.yaml	intention_use_favorite_ai	wave1: 0.9280, wave2: 0.9301, wave3: 0.9400, wave4: 0.9432, wave5: 0.9649, wave6: 0.9613	mean	1–5	Intention to use favorite AI system	users	Venkatesh et al., 2003	No
intention_use_no_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	intention_usage	intention_usage.yaml	intention_use_no_user	wave4: 0.9531, wave5: 0.9531, wave6: 0.9710	mean	1–5	Intention to use AI systems (no user)	nonusers	Venkatesh et al., 2003	No
subjective_knowledge	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	knowledge	knowledge.yaml	subjective_knowledge	Not applicable	response	1–5	Subjective knowledge about AI	all	self	No
predicted_knowledge	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	knowledge	knowledge.yaml	predicted_knowledge	Not applicable	response	0–100	Predicted knowledge (self-estimate in percent)	all	self	No
objective_knowledge	INTEGER	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	knowledge	knowledge.yaml	objective_knowledge	wave1: 0.3500, wave2: 0.3289, wave3: 0.2708, wave4: 0.3035, wave5: 0.3131, wave6: 0.2762	sum_correct	0–18	Objective AI knowledge (18 factual items)	all	Adapted from Said et al., 2022 and Lermann Henestrosa & Kimmerle, 2024	Yes
objective_knowledge_confidence	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	knowledge	knowledge.yaml	objective_knowledge_confidence	wave1: 0.9334, wave2: 0.9328, wave3: 0.9308, wave4: 0.9346, wave5: 0.9355, wave6: 0.9373	mean	1–6	Confidence in objective knowledge about AI	all	Adapted from Said et al., 2022 and Lermann Henestrosa & Kimmerle, 2024	No
loneliness	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	loneliness	loneliness.yaml	loneliness	wave1: 0.8901, wave2: 0.9059, wave3: 0.9075, wave4: 0.9051, wave5: 0.9297, wave6: 0.9277	mean	1–3	Perceived Loneliness	all	Hughes et al. (2008)	No
modality_favorite_ai	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	modality	modality.yaml	modality_favorite_ai	Not applicable	categorical	3 categories	Modality used when interacting with favorite AI system	users	self	No
need_satisfaction_morality	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs_satisfaction	needs_satisfaction.yaml	need_satisfaction_morality	wave1: 0.8803, wave2: 0.8783, wave3: 0.8691, wave4: 0.8967, wave5: 0.9002, wave6: 0.9012	mean	1–5	Satisfaction of morality need When interacting with AI systems	all	Prentice et al. (2019)	No
need_satisfaction_competence	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs_satisfaction	needs_satisfaction.yaml	need_satisfaction_competence	wave1: 0.8535, wave2: 0.8624, wave3: 0.8416, wave4: 0.8379, wave5: 0.8688, wave6: 0.8760	mean	1–5	Satisfaction of competence need When interacting with AI systems	all	Prentice et al. (2019)	No
need_satisfaction_autonomy	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs_satisfaction	needs_satisfaction.yaml	need_satisfaction_autonomy	wave1: 0.8157, wave2: 0.8138, wave3: 0.8475, wave4: 0.8521, wave5: 0.8529, wave6: 0.8634	mean	1–5	Satisfaction of autonomy need When interacting with AI systems	all	Prentice et al. (2019)	No
need_satisfaction_relatedness	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs_satisfaction	needs_satisfaction.yaml	need_satisfaction_relatedness	wave1: 0.9211, wave2: 0.9234, wave3: 0.9187, wave4: 0.9206, wave5: 0.9375, wave6: 0.9347	mean	1–5	Satisfaction of relatedness need When interacting with AI systems	all	self	No
perceived_anthropomorphism_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_anthropomorphism	perceived_anthropomorphism.yaml	perceived_anthropomorphism_favorite_ai	wave1: 0.9117, wave2: 0.9114, wave3: 0.9103, wave4: 0.9202, wave5: 0.9321, wave6: 0.9219	mean	1–5	Perceived anthropomorphism of favorite AI system	users	Bartneck et al. (2009)	No
perceived_anthropomorphism_ai_no_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_anthropomorphism	perceived_anthropomorphism.yaml	perceived_anthropomorphism_ai_no_user	wave4: 0.8900, wave5: 0.8867, wave6: 0.9001	mean	1–5	Perceived anthropomorphism (no user)	nonusers	Bartneck et al. (2009)	No
perceived_intelligence_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_intelligence	perceived_intelligence.yaml	perceived_intelligence_favorite_ai	wave1: 0.9031, wave2: 0.9028, wave3: 0.9088, wave4: 0.9192, wave5: 0.9227, wave6: 0.9241	mean	1–5	Perceived intelligence of favorite AI system	users	Bartneck et al. (2009)	Yes
perceived_intelligence_ai_no_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_intelligence	perceived_intelligence.yaml	perceived_intelligence_ai_no_user	wave4: 0.9425, wave5: 0.8866, wave6: 0.9580	mean	1–5	Perceived intelligence of AI (no user)	nonusers	Bartneck et al. (2009)	No
perceived_reliance_on_ai_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_reliance_on_ai	perceived_reliance_on_ai.yaml	perceived_reliance_on_ai_user	wave1: 0.7655, wave2: 0.7567, wave3: 0.7469, wave4: 0.7277, wave5: 0.7432, wave6: 0.7738	mean	1–5	Perceived Reliance on AI in General	users	self	No
perceived_role_of_ai_favorite_ai	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_role_of_ai	perceived_role_of_ai.yaml	perceived_role_of_ai_favorite_ai	Not applicable	categorical	11 categories	Perceived Role of Favorite AI in Interaction	users	Sarigul, B., Schneider, F. M., & Utz, S. (2025). Believe it or not? https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2375797	No
perceived_role_of_ai_no_user	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_role_of_ai	perceived_role_of_ai.yaml	perceived_role_of_ai_no_user	Not applicable	categorical	11 categories	Perceived Role of AI Systems in Interaction	nonusers	Sarigul, B., Schneider, F. M., & Utz, S. (2025). Believe it or not? https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2375797	No
perceived_task_characteristics_email	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_email	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Work-Related Email	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_formal_letter	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_formal_letter	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Formal Letter	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_job_application	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_job_application	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Job Application	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_meeting_summary	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_meeting_summary	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Brief Business Meeting Summary	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_condolence_card	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_condolence_card	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Condolence Card	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_social_media_post	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_social_media_post	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Social Media Post	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_personal_letter	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_personal_letter	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Personal Letter	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perceived_task_characteristics_birthday_invitation	FLOAT	wave1	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation	perceived_task_characteristics_delegation.yaml	perceived_task_characteristics_birthday_invitation	Not applicable	mapped_mean	-1–1	Perceived Task Characteristics and Trust in AI for Writing a Birthday Invitation Card	all	Lubars, B., & Tan, C. (2019)	No
perception_tool_actor_favorite_ai	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perception_tool_actor	perception_tool_actor.yaml	perception_tool_actor_favorite_ai	Not applicable	categorical	2 categories	Perception of favorite AI system as tool or social actor	users	self	No
perception_tool_actor_no_user	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	perception_tool_actor	perception_tool_actor.yaml	perception_tool_actor_no_user	Not applicable	categorical	2 categories	Perception of general AI system as tool or social actor	nonusers	self	No
preferred_level_of_delegation	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	preferred_level_of_delegation	preferred_level_of_delegation.yaml	preferred_level_of_delegation	wave1: 0.8067, wave2: 0.8390, wave3: 0.8494, wave4: 0.8426, wave5: 0.8594, wave6: 0.8573	mean	1–4	Preferred Level of AI Assistance for Writing Tasks	all	self	No
reason_for_not_using_ai	BOOLEAN	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	reason_for_not_using_ai	reason_for_not_using_ai.yaml	reason_for_not_using_ai	Not applicable	multiple_selection	Boolean (selected / not selected)	Reasons for Not Currently Using AI Systems	nonusers	self	No
strong_reason_for_not_using_ai	BOOLEAN	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	reason_for_not_using_ai	reason_for_not_using_ai.yaml	strong_reason_for_not_using_ai	Not applicable	multiple_selection	Boolean (selected / not selected)	Strength of Each Reason for Not Currently Using AI Systems (is this a strong reason for you?)	all	self	No
risk_opportunity_score	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	risk_opportunity_perception	risk_opportunity_perception.yaml	risk_opportunity_perception	wave1: 0.6365, wave2: 0.6041, wave3: 0.5461, wave4: 0.5332, wave5: 0.3872, wave6: 0.4810	mean	1–5	Perceived Risks and Opportunities of AI	all	Adapted from Walpole & Wilson, 2021; Schwesig et al., 2023	No
self_efficacy_without_ai_creativity	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	self_efficacy	self_efficacy.yaml	self_efficacy_without_ai_creativity	wave1: 0.9367, wave2: 0.9425, wave3: 0.9499, wave4: 0.9530, wave5: 0.9550, wave6: 0.9587	mean	1–5	Creativity Self-Efficacy Without Considering AI Assistance	all	Puente‐Díaz, R., & Cavazos‐Arroyo, J. (2022)	No
self_efficacy_without_ai_problem_solving	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	self_efficacy	self_efficacy.yaml	self_efficacy_without_ai_problem_solving	wave1: 0.8790, wave2: 0.8921, wave3: 0.9057, wave4: 0.9002, wave5: 0.9200, wave6: 0.9255	mean	1–5	Problem-Solving Self-Efficacy Without Considering AI Assistance	all	Heppner et al., 2001	No
self_efficacy_with_ai_creativity	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	self_efficacy	self_efficacy.yaml	self_efficacy_with_ai_creativity	wave1: 0.9208, wave2: 0.9339, wave3: 0.9362, wave4: 0.9506, wave5: 0.9548, wave6: 0.9465	mean	1–5	Creativity self-efficacy with AI	all	Puente-Diaz & Cavazos-Arroyo, 2022	No
self_efficacy_with_ai_problem_solving	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	self_efficacy	self_efficacy.yaml	self_efficacy_with_ai_problem_solving	wave1: 0.8697, wave2: 0.8838, wave3: 0.9021, wave4: 0.9269, wave5: 0.9189, wave6: 0.9097	mean	1–5	Problem solving self-efficacy with AI	all	Heppner et al., 2001	No
social_presence_sense_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	social_presence	social_presence.yaml	social_presence_sense_favorite_ai	wave1: 0.9614, wave2: 0.9639, wave3: 0.9659, wave4: 0.9633, wave5: 0.9685, wave6: 0.9686	mean	1–7	Social presence of favorite AI system (humanness)	users	Gefen & Straub (2004)	Yes
social_presence_being_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	social_presence	social_presence.yaml	social_presence_being_favorite_ai	wave4: 0.9756, wave5: 0.9793, wave6: 0.9821	mean	1–7	Social presence of favorite AI system (intelligence)	all	Lee, K. M., et al. (2006)	No
task_types_general	BOOLEAN	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	task_types	task_types.yaml	task_types_general	Not applicable	multiple_selection	Boolean (selected / not selected)	General Purposes for Using AI Systems	users	self	No
task_types_favorite_ai	BOOLEAN	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	task_types	task_types.yaml	task_types_favorite_ai	Not applicable	multiple_selection	Boolean (selected / not selected)	Types of Tasks for Which Favorite AI Is Used	users	self	No
trust_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	trust	trust.yaml	trust_favorite_ai	wave1: 0.8577, wave2: 0.8538, wave3: 0.8686, wave4: 0.8878, wave5: 0.8944, wave6: 0.8722	mean	1–5	Trust in favorite AI system	users	Perrig, S. A., Scharowski, N., & Brühlmann, F. (2023)	Yes
trust_competence	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	trust	two_part_trust.yaml	trust_competence	wave1: 0.7410, wave2: 0.7231, wave3: 0.7301, wave4: 0.7541, wave5: 0.7856, wave6: 0.7674	mean	1–5	Trust in favorite AI system	users	Perrig, S. A., Scharowski, N., & Brühlmann, F. (2023), split in 2 parts	No
trust_dependability	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	trust	two_part_trust.yaml	trust_dependability	wave1: 0.8770, wave2: 0.8882, wave3: 0.8851, wave4: 0.9197, wave5: 0.9058, wave6: 0.8904	mean	1–5	Trust in favorite AI system	users	Perrig, S. A., Scharowski, N., & Brühlmann, F. (2023), split in 2 parts	No
general_ai_usage_frequency	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	usage_frequency	usage_frequency.yaml	general_ai_usage_frequency	Not applicable	response	1–7	General usage frequency of AI systems	all	self	No
favorite_ai_usage_frequency	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	usage_frequency	usage_frequency.yaml	favorite_ai_usage_frequency	Not applicable	response	1–7	Usage frequency of favorite AI tool	users	self	No
usefulness_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	usefulness	usefulness.yaml	usefulness_favorite_ai	Not applicable	response	0–100	Perceived Usefulness of Favorite AI	users	self	No
usefulness_no_user	FLOAT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	usefulness	usefulness.yaml	usefulness_no_user	Not applicable	response	0–100	Perceived Usefulness of AI Systems	nonusers	self	No
cognitive_selfesteem_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		cognitive_selfesteem_overall	Not applicable	weighted_mean		Composite of cognitive_selfesteem_thinking, cognitive_selfesteem_memory, cognitive_selfesteem_transactive_memory	all		See constituent scales
credibility_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		credibility_overall	wave1: 0.8890; wave2: 0.8784; wave3: 0.9001; wave4: 0.9134, 0.9348; wave5: 0.9270, 0.8952; wave6: 0.9208, 0.9466	coalesce		Composite of credibility_favorite_ai, credibility_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
favorite_ai_system_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		favorite_ai_system_overall	Not applicable	coalesce		Composite of choice_favorite_ai_user, choice_favorite_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
intention_use_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		intention_use_overall	wave1: 0.9280; wave2: 0.9301; wave3: 0.9400; wave4: 0.9432, 0.9531; wave5: 0.9649, 0.9531; wave6: 0.9613, 0.9710	coalesce		Composite of intention_use_favorite_ai, intention_use_no_user	all		See constituent scales
perceived_anthropomorphism_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		perceived_anthropomorphism_overall	wave1: 0.9117; wave2: 0.9114; wave3: 0.9103; wave4: 0.9202, 0.8900; wave5: 0.9321, 0.8867; wave6: 0.9219, 0.9001	coalesce		Composite of perceived_anthropomorphism_favorite_ai, perceived_anthropomorphism_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
perceived_intelligence_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		perceived_intelligence_overall	wave1: 0.9031; wave2: 0.9028; wave3: 0.9088; wave4: 0.9192, 0.9425; wave5: 0.9227, 0.8866; wave6: 0.9241, 0.9580	coalesce		Composite of perceived_intelligence_favorite_ai, perceived_intelligence_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
perceived_role_of_ai_overall	TEXT	wave1	composite		perceived_role_of_ai_overall	Not applicable	coalesce		Composite of perceived_role_of_ai_favorite_ai, perceived_role_of_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
perception_tool_actor_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		perception_tool_actor_overall	Not applicable	coalesce		Composite of perception_tool_actor_favorite_ai, perception_tool_actor_no_user	all		See constituent scales
usefulness_overall	TEXT	wave1, wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		usefulness_overall	Not applicable	coalesce		Composite of usefulness_favorite_ai, usefulness_no_user	all		See constituent scales
effects_on_work	FLOAT	wave2, wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	effects on work	effects_on_work.yaml	effects_on_work	wave2: 0.9026, wave3: 0.9105, wave4: 0.9037, wave5: 0.9298, wave6: 0.9347	mean	1–5	Effects on work	all	self	No
voting_decision	TEXT	wave2	us_voting_and_mood	us_voting_and_mood.yaml	voting_decision	Not applicable	categorical	3 categories	US Presidential Vote (Voluntary)	all	self	No
voting_mood	FLOAT	wave2	us_voting_and_mood	us_voting_and_mood.yaml	voting_mood	Not applicable	response	1–7	Self-Reported Mood during the US voting	all	self	No
need_to_belong	FLOAT	wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs	needs.yaml	need_to_belong	wave3: 0.7230, wave4: 0.7828, wave5: 0.7452, wave6: 0.7852	mean	1–7	need to belong	all	2 items from Baumeister & Leary (2015)	No
need_for_cognition	FLOAT	wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs	needs.yaml	need_for_cognition	wave3: -0.2867, wave4: -0.6593, wave5: -0.5381, wave6: -0.7738	mean	1–7	need for cognition	all	3 items from Lins de Holanda Coelho et al. (2020)	No
need_for_closure	FLOAT	wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	needs	needs.yaml	need_for_closure	wave3: 0.7313, wave4: 0.7561, wave5: 0.7645, wave6: 0.7936	mean	1–7	need for need_for_closure	all	3 items from Roets & van Hiel (2011)	No
personality_specific_traits	FLOAT	wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	personality_specific_traits	personality_specific_traits.yaml	personality_specific_traits	wave3: 0.3258, wave4: 0.4051, wave5: 0.3182, wave6: 0.2792	mean	1–7	Personality-Specific Traits	all	Leary, M. R et al (2013); https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.819511	No
creepiness_overall	TEXT	wave3, wave4, wave5, wave6	composite		creepiness_overall	wave3: 0.9290; wave4: 0.9460, 0.9517; wave5: 0.9360, 0.9203; wave6: 0.9339, 0.9476	coalesce		Composite of creepiness_favorite_ai_user, creepiness_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
ai_adoption_factors_open_question	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	ai_adoption_factors_open_question	ai_adoption_factors_open_question.yaml	ai_adoption_factors_open_question	Not applicable	response		Changes needed for AI adoption	nonusers	self	No
ai_aversion_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	ai_aversion	ai_aversion.yaml	ai_aversion_no_user	wave4: 0.8959, wave5: 0.9024, wave6: 0.9196	mean	1–7	Aversion Toward AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
concerns_about_loss_of_autonomy_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	concerns_about_loss_of_autonomy	concerns_about_loss_of_autonomy.yaml	concerns_about_loss_of_autonomy_no_user	wave4: 0.8964, wave5: 0.8661, wave6: 0.9238	mean	1–7	Concerns About Loss of Autonomy Due to AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
distrust_toward_ai_corporations_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	distrust_toward_ai_corporations	distrust_toward_ai_corporations.yaml	distrust_toward_ai_corporations_no_user	wave4: 0.9437, wave5: 0.8999, wave6: 0.9635	mean	1–7	Distrust of Corporations Regarding AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
ecological_concerns_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	ecological_concerns	ecological_concerns.yaml	ecological_concerns_no_user	wave4: 0.9269, wave5: 0.9205, wave6: 0.9437	mean	1–7	Environmental and Ethical Concerns About AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
ethical_concerns_general_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	ethical_concerns_general	ethical_concerns_general.yaml	ethical_concerns_general_no_user	wave4: 0.9187, wave5: 0.9353, wave6: 0.9509	mean	1–7	Ethical Concerns About AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
knowledge_how_to_start_using_ai_no_user	TEXT	wave4, wave5, wave6	knowledge_how_to_start_using_ai	knowledge_how_to_start_using_ai.yaml	knowledge_how_to_start_using_ai_no_user	Not applicable	categorical	2 categories	Knowledge of How to Start Using AI	nonusers	self	No
lack_of_fomo_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	lack_of_fomo	lack_of_fomo.yaml	lack_of_fomo_no_user	wave4: 0.8749, wave5: 0.9036, wave6: 0.9130	mean	1–7	Lack of Fear of Missing Out on AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
perceived_role_ai_should_take_no_user	TEXT	wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_role_ai_should_take	perceived_role_ai_should_take.yaml	perceived_role_ai_should_take_no_user	Not applicable	categorical	11 categories	Perceived Role AI Systems SHOULD Take	nonusers	self	No
perceived_lack_of_need_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	perceived_lack_of_need	perceived_lack_of_need.yaml	perceived_lack_of_need_no_user	wave4: 0.9278, wave5: 0.9132, wave6: 0.9279	mean	1–7	Perceived Lack of Need for AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
preference_for_status_quo_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	preference_for_status_quo	preference_for_status_quo.yaml	preference_for_status_quo_no_user	wave4: 0.8986, wave5: 0.9187, wave6: 0.9079	mean	1–7	Preference for Status Quo Among Non-Users of AI	nonusers	self	No
security_concerns_no_user	FLOAT	wave4, wave5, wave6	security_concerns	security_concerns.yaml	security_concerns_no_user	wave4: 0.9676, wave5: 0.9671, wave6: 0.9755	mean	1–7	Security and Privacy Concerns About AI Among Non-Users	nonusers	self	No
agency_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	agency	agency.yaml	agency_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.8140	mean	1–5	Perceived Agency of Favorite AI system	users	self	No
agency_ai_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	agency	agency.yaml	agency_no_user	wave6: 0.8109	mean	1–5	Perceived Agency of AI in General	all	self	No
barrier_for_use	FLOAT	wave6	barrier_for_use	barrier_for_use.yaml	barrier_for_use	wave6: 0.8107	mean	1–5	Barriers to Using AI More Frequently	all	self	No
change_in_writing_without_ai	TEXT	wave6	change_in_writing_without_ai	change_in_writing_without_ai.yaml	change_in_writing_without_ai	Not applicable	ordinal	3 categories	Change in Time Spent Writing Without AI	all	self	No
change_of_personal_role	FLOAT	wave6	change_of_personal_role	change_of_personal_role.yaml	change_of_personal_role	wave6: 0.5058	mean	1–5	Perceived Personal Role and Adaptation to AI	all	self	No
consequences_ai_use_user	FLOAT	wave6	consequences_ai_use	consequences_ai_use.yaml	consequences_ai_use_user	wave6: 0.9454	mean	1–7	Users' perceived consequences of AI use	users	Guingrich & Graziano (2024), self	Yes
consequences_ai_use_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	consequences_ai_use	consequences_ai_use.yaml	consequences_ai_use_no_user	wave6: 0.8878	mean	1–7	Non-users' perceived consequences of AI use	nonusers	Guingrich & Graziano (2024), self	Yes
companionship_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	companionship	companionship.yaml	companionship_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.9525	mean	0–4	Perceived Companionship with Favorite AI	users	self	No
effect_on_behavior_toward_people_user	FLOAT	wave6	effect_on_behavior_toward_people	effect_on_behavior_toward_people.yaml	effect_on_behavior_toward_people_user	wave6: 0.8674	mean	1–5	Perceived Effect of AI Interaction on Behavior Toward People	users	self	Yes
effect_on_behavior_toward_people_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	effect_on_behavior_toward_people	effect_on_behavior_toward_people.yaml	effect_on_behavior_toward_people_no_user	wave6: 0.9184	mean	1–5	Perceived Potential Effect of AI Interaction on Behavior Toward People (Non-Users)	nonusers	self	No
ethical_concerns_delegation	FLOAT	wave6	ethical_concerns_delegation	ethical_concerns_delegation.yaml	ethical_concerns_delegation	Not applicable	response	1–5	Concern About Ethical Implications of Delegating Tasks to AI	all	self	No
parasocial_behavior_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	parasocial_behavior	parasocial_behavior.yaml	parasocial_behavior_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.8572	mean	1–7	Extend to which you would behave in the following ways towards your favorite AI	users	adapted from Schramm, H., & Hartmann, T. (2008); https://doi.org/10.1515/COMM.2008.025	Yes
parasocial_behavior_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	parasocial_behavior	parasocial_behavior.yaml	parasocial_behavior_no_user	wave6: 0.7931	mean	1–7	Expected Behaviors If You Started Interacting with AI	nonusers	adapted from Schramm, H., & Hartmann, T. (2008); https://doi.org/10.1515/COMM.2008.025	No
generalized_mind_perception_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	generalized_mind_perception	generalized_mind_perception.yaml	generalized_mind_perception_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.9056	mean	1–5	Users' generalized mind perception of favorite AI system	users	Malle (2019), Banks (2019)	No
generalized_mind_perception_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	generalized_mind_perception	generalized_mind_perception.yaml	generalized_mind_perception_no_user	wave6: 0.9102	mean	1–5	Non-users' generalized mind perception of favorite AI system	nonusers	Malle (2019), Banks (2019)	No
hope_and_concern	FLOAT	wave6	hope_and_concern	hope_and_concern.yaml	hope_and_concern	wave6: 0.6738	mean	1–5	Hopes and Concerns About AI	all	self	No
impact_of_delegation_on_skills	TEXT	wave6	impact_of_delegation_on_skills	impact_of_delegation_on_skills.yaml	impact_of_delegation_on_skills	Not applicable	ordinal	5 categories	Perceived Impact of Letting AI Perform Tasks on Personal Skills	all	self	No
impact_in_general_on_skills_user	FLOAT	wave6	impact_in_general_on_skills	impact_in_general_on_skills.yaml	impact_in_general_on_skills_user	wave6: 0.3004	mean	1–5	Perceived Impact of AI on Personal Skill Development	users	self	No
impact_in_general_on_skills_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	impact_in_general_on_skills	impact_in_general_on_skills.yaml	impact_in_general_on_skills_no_user	wave6: 0.4831	mean	1–5	Perceived Potential Impact of AI on Personal Skills (Non-Users)	nonusers	self	No
microblog_profile	FLOAT	wave6	microblog	microblog_and_social_network_usage.yaml	microblog_profile	Not applicable	response	1–2	Profile on Microblogging Services	all	self	No
microblog_usage_frequency	FLOAT	wave6	microblog	microblog_and_social_network_usage.yaml	microblog_usage_frequency	Not applicable	response	1–7	Frequency of Logging into Microblogging Services	all	self	No
microblog_usage_since_ai_use	FLOAT	wave6	microblog	microblog_and_social_network_usage.yaml	microblog_usage_since_ai_use	Not applicable	response	1–5	Change in Microblogging Service Usage Since Starting AI Use	all	self	No
professional_social_network_profile	FLOAT	wave6	microblog	microblog_and_social_network_usage.yaml	professional_social_network_profile	Not applicable	response	1–2	Profile on professional Social Networking Sites (SNS)	all	self	No
professional_social_network_usage_frequency	FLOAT	wave6	microblog	microblog_and_social_network_usage.yaml	professional_social_network_usage_frequency	Not applicable	response	1–7	Frequency of Logging into professional Social Networking Sites (SNS)	all	self	No
professional_social_network_usage_since_ai_use	FLOAT	wave6	microblog	microblog_and_social_network_usage.yaml	professional_social_network_usage_since_ai_use	Not applicable	response	1–5	Change in Professional Social Networking Site Usage Since Starting AI Use	all	self	No
machine_heuristic_1_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	machine heuristic	machine_heuristic.yaml	machine_heuristic_1_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.5567	mean	1–7	Belief in the machine heuristic for favorite AI System (Set 1)	users	Yang & Sundar, 2024	No
machine_heuristic_1_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	machine heuristic	machine_heuristic.yaml	machine_heuristic_1_no_user	wave6: 0.4071	mean	1–7	Belief in the machine heuristic for AI systems (no user) (Set 1)	nonusers	Yang & Sundar, 2024	No
machine_heuristic_2_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	machine heuristic	machine_heuristic.yaml	machine_heuristic_2_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.8395	mean	1–7	Belief in the machine heuristic for favorite AI System (Set 2)	users	Sundar & Kim, 2019	No
machine_heuristic_2_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	machine heuristic	machine_heuristic.yaml	machine_heuristic_2_no_user	wave6: 0.8881	mean	1–7	Belief in the machine heuristic for AI systems (no user) (Set 2)	nonusers	Sundar & Kim, 2019	No
mind_perception_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	mind_perception	mind_perception.yaml	mind_perception_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.9343	mean	1–5	Perceived Mind Perception of Favorite AI	users	self	No
mind_perception_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	mind_perception	mind_perception.yaml	mind_perception_no_user	wave6: 0.9196	mean	1–5	Perceived Mind Perception of AI in General	nonusers	self	No
number_of_tasks_delegated_to_ai	TEXT	wave6	number_of_tasks_delegated_to_ai	number_of_tasks_delegated_to_ai.yaml	number_of_tasks_delegated_to_ai	Not applicable	ordinal	5 categories	Number of Tasks Completed Entirely Using AI Assistance	all	self	No
perceived_changes_attitudes_usage	FLOAT	wave6	perceived_changes_attitudes_usage	perceived_changes_attitudes_usage.yaml	perceived_changes_attitudes_usage	wave6: 0.7742	mean	1–5	Perceived Changes in Attitudes and Usage of AI Over the Past Year	users	self	No
perceived_moral_agency_favorite_ai	FLOAT	wave6	perceived_moral_agency	perceived_moral_agency.yaml	perceived_moral_agency_favorite_ai	wave6: 0.8322	mean	1–5	Perceived Moral Agency of Favorite AI	users	self	No
perceived_moral_agency_no_user	FLOAT	wave6	perceived_moral_agency	perceived_moral_agency.yaml	perceived_moral_agency_no_user	wave6: 0.8655	mean	1–5	Perceived Moral Agency of AI in General	nonusers	self	No
perception_of_being_left_behind	FLOAT	wave6	perception_of_being_left_behind	perception_of_being_left_behind.yaml	perception_of_being_left_behind	wave6: 0.7781	mean	1–5	Perceived Ability to Keep Up with AI Advancements	all	self	No
potential_motivators_for_ai_usage	FLOAT	wave6	potential_motivators_for_ai_usage	potential_motivators_for_ai_usage.yaml	potential_motivators_for_ai_usage	wave6: 0.8823	mean	1–5	Motivators that could increase AI Usage	all	self	No
willingness_to_delegate	FLOAT	wave6	willingness_to_delegate	willingness_to_delegate.yaml	willingness_to_delegate	wave6: 0.9243	mean	1–6	Willingness to Delegate Tasks to AI on Your Behalf	all	self	No
willingness_to_delegate_change	FLOAT	wave6	willingness_to_delegate_change	willingness_to_delegate_change.yaml	willingness_to_delegate_change	Not applicable	response	1–5	Perceived Change in Willingness to Delegate Tasks to AI	all	self	No
willingness_to_delegate_future	FLOAT	wave6	willingness_to_delegate_future	willingness_to_delegate_future.yaml	willingness_to_delegate_future	Not applicable	response	1–5	Future Willingness to Delegate More Tasks to AI	all	self	No
agency_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		agency_overall	wave6: 0.8140, 0.8109	coalesce		Composite of agency_favorite_ai, agency_ai_no_user	all		See constituent scales
effect_on_behavior_toward_people_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		effect_on_behavior_toward_people_overall	wave6: 0.8674, 0.9184	coalesce		Composite of effect_on_behavior_toward_people_user, effect_on_behavior_toward_people_no_user	all		See constituent scales
impact_in_general_on_skills_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		impact_in_general_on_skills_overall	wave6: 0.3004, 0.4831	coalesce		Composite of impact_in_general_on_skills_user, impact_in_general_on_skills_no_user	all		See constituent scales
machine_heuristic_1_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		machine_heuristic_1_overall	wave6: 0.5567, 0.4071	coalesce		Composite of machine_heuristic_1_favorite_ai, machine_heuristic_1_no_user	all		See constituent scales
machine_heuristic_2_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		machine_heuristic_2_overall	wave6: 0.8395, 0.8881	coalesce		Composite of machine_heuristic_2_favorite_ai, machine_heuristic_2_no_user	all		See constituent scales
mind_perception_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		mind_perception_overall	wave6: 0.9343, 0.9196	coalesce		Composite of mind_perception_favorite_ai, mind_perception_no_user	all		See constituent scales
parasocial_behavior_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		parasocial_behavior_overall	wave6: 0.8572, 0.7931	coalesce		Composite of parasocial_behavior_favorite_ai, parasocial_behavior_no_user	all		See constituent scales
perceived_moral_agency_overall	TEXT	wave6	composite		perceived_moral_agency_overall	wave6: 0.8322, 0.8655	coalesce		Composite of perceived_moral_agency_favorite_ai, perceived_moral_agency_no_user	all		See constituent scales

Item Details

user

• Are you currently using language-based AI systems?
• 1: True
• 2: False

open_to_use

• Are you open to use or plan to use language-based AI systems in the next couple of months?
• 1: True
• 2: False

apple_use

• Do you currently use an Apple device?
• 1: Yes
• 2: No

attitudes

• AI will make this world a better place.
• I have strong negative emotions about AI. (inversed)
• I want to use technologies that rely on AI.
• AI has more disadvantages than advantages. (inversed)
• I look forward to future AI developments.
• AI offers solutions to many world problems.
• I prefer technologies that do not feature AI. (inversed)
• I am afraid of AI. (inversed)
• I would rather choose a technology with AI than one without it.
• AI creates problems rather than solving them. (inversed)
• When I think about AI, I have mostly positive feelings.
• I would rather avoid technologies that are based on AI. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

attitudes_toward_ai_decisions

• If given the opportunity, I would let an AI system make most of my decisions.
• I think AI systems will eventually make better decisions than humans in most areas.
• I would feel relieved if AI systems could take over decision-making responsibilities in my life.
• I would be willing to let an AI system learn my preferences over time to make better decisions for me.
• In case I cannot, I would trust an AI system to make important financial decisions on my behalf.
• In case I cannot, I would trust an AI system to make important medical decisions on my behalf.
• In case I cannot, I would trust an AI system to make important legal decisions on my behalf.
• I would prefer to delegate routine decision-making tasks to an AI system.
• Using AI to make decisions saves me time and effort.
• I am comfortable letting AI systems choose the best options for me in daily life (e.g., what to buy, where to eat).

Item score range: 1–5

attitudes_toward_disclosure

• I feel that AI practices are an invasion of privacy.
• I feel uncomfortable about the types of information that AI collects.
• The way that AI monitors its users makes me feel uneasy.
• I feel personally invaded by the methods used by AI to collect information.
• I am concerned about my privacy when using AI.
• I would find it acceptable if AI records and uses information about my usage behavior. (inversed)
• I would provide AI access to information about me that is stored in or collected by other technological applications or systems. (inversed)
• I would provide a lot of information to AI about things that represent me personally. (inversed)
• I would find it acceptable if AI had a detailed profile of my person. (inversed)
• I would give AI access to a lot of information that would characterize me as a person. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–7

attitudes_usage

• I would rather avoid technologies that are based on AI. (inversed)
• AI makes work more interesting.
• Working with AI is fun.
• I like working with AI.

Item score range: 1–5

bigfive_extraversion

• I am talkative
• I have a tendency to be quiet (inversed)
• I can be shy and inhibited (inversed)
• I am outgoing and social

Item score range: 1–5

bigfive_agreeableness

• I am helpful and selfless towards others
• I can be cold and distant (inversed)
• I am considerate towards most people
• I can be impolite sometimes (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

bigfive_conscientiousness

• I work thoroughly
• I can be careless (inversed)
• I have a tendency to have little order in my life (inversed)
• I make plans and follow through

Item score range: 1–5

bigfive_neuroticism

• I am depressed
• I am relaxed, manage stress well (inversed)
• I worry a lot
• I easily get nervous

Item score range: 1–5

bigfive_openness

• I am original, have new ideas
• I have a vivid imagination
• I like to speculate, play with ideas
• I have few artistic interests (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

context_of_use_user

• In which context do you use AI systems primarily?
• 1: Personal context
• 2: Professional context

context_of_use_no_user

• In which context do you see AI systems primarily used?
• 1: Personal context
• 2: Professional context

cognitive_selfesteem_thinking

• I am smart
• I am smarter than the average person
• My mind is one of my best qualities
• I am good at thinking
• I feel good about my ability to think through problems
• I am capable of solving most problems without outside help

Item score range: 1–7

cognitive_selfesteem_memory

• I am proud of my memory
• I feel good about my ability to remember things
• I have a better memory than most people
• I have a good memory for recalling trivial information

Item score range: 1–7

cognitive_selfesteem_transactive_memory

• I know where to look to answer questions I don't know myself
• When I don't know the answer to a question right away, I know where to find it
• I know which people to ask when I don't know the answer to a question
• I have a knack for tracking down information

Item score range: 1–7

closeness_favorite_ai

• Please select the image that best represents how you perceive the relation you have with (piped fav AI).
• 1: no_overlap
• 2: slight_overlap
• 3: some_overlap
• 4: moderate_overlap
• 5: strong_overlap
• 6: very_strong_overlap
• 7: almost_complete_overlap

credibility_favorite_ai

• unbelievable - believable
• inaccurate - accurate
• untrustworthy - trustworthy
• biased - unbiased
• not credible - credible

Item score range: 1–5

credibility_ai_no_user

• unbelievable - believable
• inaccurate - accurate
• untrustworthy - trustworthy
• biased - unbiased
• not credible - credible

Item score range: 1–5

creepiness_favorite_ai_user

• I have a queasy feeling.
• I have a feeling that there is something shady.
• I feel uneasy.
• I have an indefinable fear.
• This interaction somehow feels threatening.
• I don't know how to judge the interaction with (piped fav AI).
• I don't know exactly what is happening to me.
• Things are going on that I don't understand.
• I don't know exactly how to behave.
• I do not know exactly what to expect of this interaction.

Item score range: 1–7

creepiness_ai_no_user

• I have a queasy feeling.
• I have a feeling that there is something shady.
• I feel uneasy.
• I have an indefinable fear.
• This interaction somehow feels threatening.
• I don't know how to judge the interaction with (piped fav AI).
• I don't know exactly what is happening to me.
• Things are going on that I don't understand.
• I don't know exactly how to behave.
• I do not know exactly what to expect of this interaction.

Item score range: 1–7

delegation_comfort

• Content Creation (including writing): generating written, visual or audio content from scratch. Examples: writing texts, composing music, creating graphics.
• Content Creation (generating new ideas or concepts): Examples: brainstorming, idea generation for stories or projects, artistic inspiration.
• Information Search (search engine replacement, looking up some facts).
• Advice and Recommendation (providing suggestions or guidance based on input data. Examples: product recommendations, lifestyle advice, travel suggestions).
• Explanations and Learning (offering detailed explanations or educational content. Examples: explaining complex concepts, tutoring in various subjects, answering questions).
• Analysis and Processing (conducting analytical tasks or data processing. Examples: coding assistance, data analysis, statistical computations, sentiment analysis).
• Automation and Productivity (automating routine tasks to improve efficiency. Examples: scheduling, reminders, managing emails, automating workflows).

Item score range: 1–5

age

• age

Item score range: 18–110

gender

• Please indicate your gender
• 1: Male
• 2: Female
• 3: Non-binary / third gender
• 4: Prefer not to say (treated as NA)

education

• What is the highest level of education you have completed?
• 1: Some high school or less
• 2: High school diploma or GED
• 3: Some college, but no degree
• 4: Associates or technical degree
• 5: Bachelor’s degree
• 6: Graduate or professional degree (MA, MS, MBA, PhD, JD, MD, DDS etc.)
• 7: Prefer not to say (treated as NA)

income

• What was your total household income before taxes during the past 12 months?
• 1: Less than $25,000
• 2: $25,000-$49,999
• 3: $50,000-$74,999
• 4: $75,000-$99,999
• 5: $100,000-$149,999
• 6: $150,000 or more
• 7: Prefer not to say (treated as NA)

enjoyment_favorite_ai_user

• I find using [favorite AI] to be enjoyable.
• The actual process of using [favorite AI] is pleasant.
• I have fun using [favorite AI].

Item score range: 1–7

choice_favorite_ai_user

• Which AI system is your favorite?
• 1: ChatGPT
• 2: Microsoft Copilot (formerly Bing Chat)
• 3: Claude
• 4: Google AI incl. Google Gemini (formerly Bard)
• 5: Alexa
• 6: Siri/Apple Intelligence
• 7: Samsung Galaxy AI
• 8: Twitter/X Grok
• 9: Meta AI
• 10: Other
• (Open-ended responses captured in: choose_favAI_gnr_10_TEXT)

choice_favorite_ai_no_user

• Which AI system is your favorite?
• 1: ChatGPT
• 2: Microsoft Copilot (formerly Bing Chat)
• 3: Claude
• 4: Google AI incl. Google Gemini (formerly Bard)
• 5: Alexa
• 6: Siri/Apple Intelligence
• 7: Samsung Galaxy AI
• 8: Twitter/X Grok
• 9: Meta AI
• 10: Other
• (Open-ended responses captured in: choose_favAI_noUser_10_TEXT)

general_experience_ai

• General experience with AI systems

Item score range: 1–5

intention_use_favorite_ai

• I intend to use [favorite AI] in the next 2 months.
• I predict I would use [favorite AI] in the next 2 months.
• I plan to use [favorite AI] in the next 2 months.

Item score range: 1–5

intention_use_no_user

• I intend to use an AI in the next 2 months.
• I predict I would use an AI in the next 2 months.
• I plan to use an AI in the next 2 months.

Item score range: 1–5

subjective_knowledge

• How would you rate your knowledge about AI?

Item score range: 1–5

predicted_knowledge

• What percent of these knowledge questions do you expect to answer correctly?

Item score range: 0–100

objective_knowledge

• LLMs are trained with a large amount of text data (e.g., internet, social media). (correct)
• LLMs calculate for their answers which word is most likely to come next. (correct)
• The responses of LLMs may be biased (e.g., racially) based on the data they were trained on. (correct)
• The statements of LLMs are always correct. (incorrect)
• Humans can still easily recognize AI-generated speech as artificial speech. (incorrect)
• LLMs can intentionally lie and spread false information. (incorrect)
• Humans can answer questions about a text better than LLMs. (incorrect)
• LLMs have learned to understand language like a human. (incorrect)
• LLMs have no real understanding of what they write. (correct)
• In machine learning, two common groups of strategies to train algorithms are supervised and unsupervised learning. (correct)
• Artificial neural networks attempt to fully replicate neural networks in the brain. (incorrect)
• Using AI, videos can be created that are indistinguishable from videos created by real people. (correct)
• A strong AI can make decisions on its own. (correct)
• Machine learning is based on statistical principles. (correct)
• A chatbot can correctly answer the question 'Will it rain tomorrow?' with a high probability. (correct)
• The language understanding of AI systems does not yet reach that of humans. (correct)
• The automatic generation of texts has already been used for years in journalism and e-commerce, for example. (correct)
• Content created by AI must be legally marked as such. (incorrect)

Item score range: 1–2

objective_knowledge_confidence

• LLMs are trained with a large amount of text data (e.g., internet, social media).
• LLMs calculate for their answers which word is most likely to come next.
• The responses of LLMs may be biased (e.g., racially) based on the data they were trained on.
• The statements of LLMs are always correct.
• Humans can still easily recognize AI-generated speech as artificial speech.
• LLMs can intentionally lie and spread false information.
• Humans can answer questions about a text better than LLMs.
• LLMs have learned to understand language like a human.
• LLMs have no real understanding of what they write.
• In machine learning, two common groups of strategies to train algorithms are supervised and unsupervised learning.
• Artificial neural networks attempt to fully replicate neural networks in the brain.
• Using AI, videos can be created that are indistinguishable from videos created by real people.
• A strong AI can make decisions on its own.
• Machine learning is based on statistical principles.
• A chatbot can correctly answer the question 'Will it rain tomorrow?' with a high probability.
• The language understanding of AI systems does not yet reach that of humans.
• The automatic generation of texts has already been used for years in journalism and e-commerce, for example.
• Content created by AI must be legally marked as such.

Item score range: 1–6

loneliness

• ... that you lack companionship?
• ... left out?
• ... isolated from others?

Item score range: 1–3

modality_favorite_ai

• How do you interact with [favorite AI] most often?
• 1: mostly via voice
• 12: mix of voice and text
• 2: mostly via text

need_satisfaction_morality

• When interacting with AI systems, I feel a strong sense of moral fulfilment.
• When interacting with AI systems, I feel that I am being a good person.
• When interacting with AI systems, I embody my moral values.
• When interacting with AI systems, I feel that I am doing the right thing.

Item score range: 1–5

need_satisfaction_competence

• When interacting with AI systems, I feel very capable and effective.
• When interacting with AI systems, I feel like a competent person.
• When interacting with AI systems, I feel that I know what I’m doing.

Item score range: 1–5

need_satisfaction_autonomy

• When interacting with AI systems, I feel free to be who I am.
• When interacting with AI systems, I have a say in what happens and I can voice my opinion.
• When interacting with AI systems, I believe that my choices are based on my true desires and values.

Item score range: 1–5

need_satisfaction_relatedness

• When interacting with AI systems, I feel the support of others.
• When interacting with AI systems, I feel a sense of closeness and connectedness to others.
• When interacting with AI systems, I feel connected.

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_anthropomorphism_favorite_ai

• fake - natural
• machinelike - humanlike
• unconscious - conscious
• artificial - lifelike
• rigid - elegant

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_anthropomorphism_ai_no_user

• fake - natural
• machinelike - humanlike
• unconscious - conscious
• artificial - lifelike
• rigid - elegant

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_intelligence_favorite_ai

• foolish - sensible
• incompetent - competent
• unintelligent - intelligent
• irresponsible - responsible
• stupid - knowledgeable

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_intelligence_ai_no_user

• foolish - sensible
• incompetent - competent
• unintelligent - intelligent
• irresponsible - responsible
• stupid - knowledgeable

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_reliance_on_ai_user

• I feel unprotected when I do not have access to AI.
• I am concerned about the idea of being left behind in my tasks or projects if I do not use AI.
• I do everything possible to stay updated with AI to impress or remain relevant in my field.
• I constantly need validation or feedback from AI systems to feel confident in my decisions.
• I fear that AI might replace my current skills or abilities.

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_role_of_ai_favorite_ai

• What role does (piped fav AI) take when you interact with it? Please select the option that fits most in most cases.
• 1: Child
• 2: Servant
• 3: Pet
• 4: Student
• 5: Partner
• 6: Teacher
• 7: Boss
• 8: Friend
• 9: Colleague
• 10: Master
• 11: Other
• (Open-ended responses captured in: role_partner_User_fav_11_TEXT)

perceived_role_of_ai_no_user

• In your understanding: What role do AI systems generally take when one interacts with them? Please select the option that fits most in most cases.
• 1: Child
• 2: Servant
• 3: Pet
• 4: Student
• 5: Partner
• 6: Teacher
• 7: Boss
• 8: Friend
• 9: Colleague
• 10: Master
• 11: Other
• (Open-ended responses captured in: role_partner_noUser_11_TEXT)

perceived_task_characteristics_email

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_formal_letter

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_job_application

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_meeting_summary

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_condolence_card

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_social_media_post

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_personal_letter

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perceived_task_characteristics_birthday_invitation

• This task requires social skills to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires creativity to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• This task requires a great deal of time or effort to complete.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• It takes significant training or expertise to be qualified for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I am confident in my own abilities to complete this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system’s ability to reliably complete the task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• Understanding the reasons behind the AI agent's actions is important for me to trust the AI agent on this task (e.g., explanations are necessary).
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0
• I trust an AI system's decisions to protect my interests and align with my values for this task.
• 1: -1
• 2: 1
• 3: 0

perception_tool_actor_favorite_ai

• How do you usually perceive [favorite AI] while using it?
• 1: More like a tool
• 2: More like a social actor

perception_tool_actor_no_user

• How do you usually perceive AI systems in general?
• 1: More like a tool
• 2: More like a social actor

preferred_level_of_delegation

• Writing a work-related email.
• Writing a formal letter, e.g., to public authority.
• Writing a job application.
• Writing a brief business meeting summary.
• Writing a condolence card to a friend.
• Writing a social media post.
• Writing a personal letter to a friend or relative.
• Writing a birthday invitation card to friends.

Item score range: 1–4

reason_for_not_using_ai

• lack_knowledge → column reason_for_not_using_ai_lack_knowledge (boolean)
• privacy_concerns → column reason_for_not_using_ai_privacy_concerns (boolean)
• no_use_case → column reason_for_not_using_ai_no_use_case (boolean)
• cost_barrier → column reason_for_not_using_ai_cost_barrier (boolean)
• reliability_concerns → column reason_for_not_using_ai_reliability_concerns (boolean)
• prefer_traditional → column reason_for_not_using_ai_prefer_traditional (boolean)
• waiting_maturity → column reason_for_not_using_ai_waiting_maturity (boolean)
• no_resources → column reason_for_not_using_ai_no_resources (boolean)
• ethical_concerns → column reason_for_not_using_ai_ethical_concerns (boolean)
• no_time → column reason_for_not_using_ai_no_time (boolean)
• dislike_ai → column reason_for_not_using_ai_dislike_ai (boolean)
• other → column reason_for_not_using_ai_other (boolean)
• (Open-ended responses captured in: reason_why_noUser_1_12_TEXT)

strong_reason_for_not_using_ai

• strong_reason_lack_knowledge → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_lack_knowledge (boolean)
• strong_reason_privacy_concerns → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_privacy_concerns (boolean)
• strong_reason_no_use_case → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_no_use_case (boolean)
• strong_reason_cost_barrier → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_cost_barrier (boolean)
• strong_reason_reliability_concerns → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_reliability_concerns (boolean)
• strong_reason_prefer_traditional → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_prefer_traditional (boolean)
• strong_reason_waiting_maturity → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_waiting_maturity (boolean)
• strong_reason_no_resources → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_no_resources (boolean)
• strong_reason_ethical_concerns → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_ethical_concerns (boolean)
• strong_reason_no_time → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_no_time (boolean)
• strong_reason_dislike_ai → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_dislike_ai (boolean)
• strong_reason_other → column strong_reason_for_not_using_ai_strong_reason_other (boolean)
• (Open-ended responses captured in: reason_why_noUser_2_12_TEXT)

risk_opportunity_score

• How concerned, if at all, are you when you think about AI?
• How pessimistic, if at all, are you when you imagine the future use of AI?
• How likely would AI negatively influence your life?
• How likely would you suffer from the implementation of AI into everyday life?
• How confident, if at all, do you feel when you think about the potential of AI?
• How optimistic, if at all, are you when you imagine the future use of AI?
• How likely would AI positively influence your life?
• How likely would you benefit from the implementation of AI into everyday life?

Item score range: 1–5

self_efficacy_without_ai_creativity

• Regarding my creativity: I have confidence in my ability to generate novel and useful ideas.
• Regarding my creativity: I am confident that my creative performance in a given task is good.
• Regarding my creativity: I have a good knowledge base and creative strategy.
• Regarding my creativity: I know that my creative abilities are good.

Item score range: 1–5

self_efficacy_without_ai_problem_solving

• Regarding my problem-solving skills: I feel capable of coping with my problems.
• Regarding my problem-solving skills: Typically, my problems with any given task are not too big or hard for me to solve.
• Regarding my problem-solving skills: Most of my plans for solving my problems on a given task are ones that would really work.
• Regarding my problem-solving skills: I can typically handle my problems in any given task; they are not beyond me.

Item score range: 1–5

self_efficacy_with_ai_creativity

• Regarding my creativity: I have confidence in my ability to generate novel and useful ideas.
• Regarding my creativity: I am confident that my creative performance in a given task is good.
• Regarding my creativity: I have a good knowledge base and creative strategy.
• Regarding my creativity: I know that my creative abilities are good.

Item score range: 1–5

self_efficacy_with_ai_problem_solving

• Regarding my problem-solving skills: I feel capable of coping with my problems.
• Regarding my creativity: I am confident that my creative performance in a given task is good.
• Regarding my creativity: I have a good knowledge base and creative strategy.
• Regarding my creativity: I know that my creative abilities are good.

Item score range: 1–5

social_presence_sense_favorite_ai

• There is a sense of human contact in the interaction.
• There is a sense of personalness in the interaction.
• There is a feeling of sociability in the interaction.
• There is a feeling of human warmth in the interaction.
• There is a feeling of human sensitivity in the interaction.

Item score range: 1–7

social_presence_being_favorite_ai

• ...how much do you feel you are interacting with an intelligent being?
• ...how much do you feel you are in the company of an intelligent being?
• ...how much do you feel an intelligent being is responding to you?

Item score range: 1–7

task_types_general

• writing → column task_types_general_writing (boolean)
• content_creation → column task_types_general_content_creation (boolean)
• creative_idea → column task_types_general_creative_idea (boolean)
• info_search → column task_types_general_info_search (boolean)
• advice → column task_types_general_advice (boolean)
• learning → column task_types_general_learning (boolean)
• analysis → column task_types_general_analysis (boolean)
• automation → column task_types_general_automation (boolean)
• other → column task_types_general_other (boolean)
• (Open-ended responses captured in: tsk_typs_9_TEXT)

task_types_favorite_ai

• writing → column task_types_favorite_ai_writing (boolean)
• content_creation → column task_types_favorite_ai_content_creation (boolean)
• creative_idea → column task_types_favorite_ai_creative_idea (boolean)
• info_search → column task_types_favorite_ai_info_search (boolean)
• advice → column task_types_favorite_ai_advice (boolean)
• learning → column task_types_favorite_ai_learning (boolean)
• analysis → column task_types_favorite_ai_analysis (boolean)
• automation → column task_types_favorite_ai_automation (boolean)
• other → column task_types_favorite_ai_other (boolean)
• (Open-ended responses captured in: tsk_typs_User_fav_9_TEXT)

trust_favorite_ai

• I am confident in [favorite AI]. I feel that it works well.
• The outputs of [favorite AI] are very predictable.
• [favorite AI] is very reliable. I can count on it to be correct all the time.
• I feel safe that when I rely on [favorite AI] I will get the right answers.
• [favorite AI] is efficient in that it works very quickly.
• [favorite AI] can perform the task better than a novice human user.
• I like using [favorite AI] for decision making.
• I trust [favorite AI]

Item score range: 1–5

trust_competence

• I am confident in [favorite AI]. I feel that it works well.
• [favorite AI] is efficient in that it works very quickly.
• [favorite AI] can perform the task better than a novice human user.

Item score range: 1–5

trust_dependability

• [favorite AI] is very reliable. I can count on it to be correct all the time.
• I feel safe that when I rely on [favorite AI] I will get the right answers.
• I trust [favorite AI]

Item score range: 1–5

general_ai_usage_frequency

• General usage frequency of AI systems

Item score range: 1–7

favorite_ai_usage_frequency

• Usage frequency of favorite AI tool

Item score range: 1–7

usefulness_favorite_ai

• How useful is (piped fav AI) for assisting you with this/these task(s)?

Item score range: 0–100

usefulness_no_user

• How useful do you perceive AI systems?

Item score range: 0–100

cognitive_selfesteem_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: cognitive_selfesteem_thinking, cognitive_selfesteem_memory, cognitive_selfesteem_transactive_memory

credibility_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: credibility_favorite_ai, credibility_ai_no_user

favorite_ai_system_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: choice_favorite_ai_user, choice_favorite_ai_no_user

intention_use_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: intention_use_favorite_ai, intention_use_no_user

perceived_anthropomorphism_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: perceived_anthropomorphism_favorite_ai, perceived_anthropomorphism_ai_no_user

perceived_intelligence_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: perceived_intelligence_favorite_ai, perceived_intelligence_ai_no_user

perceived_role_of_ai_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: perceived_role_of_ai_favorite_ai, perceived_role_of_ai_no_user

perception_tool_actor_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: perception_tool_actor_favorite_ai, perception_tool_actor_no_user

usefulness_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: usefulness_favorite_ai, usefulness_no_user

effects_on_work

• Using AI has increased my efficiency.
• Using AI has increased the quality of my work.
• Using AI has increased my productivity.
• Using AI has given me time and capacity to focus on other tasks.

Item score range: 1–5

voting_decision

• Due to the current events we are interested in your vote, your answer is voluntary!
• 1: I voted for Trump
• 2: I voted for Harris
• 3: I did not vote!

voting_mood

• Please indicate the mood you had while completing the questionnaire on a scale from 1 to 7. 1 = Very negative 7 = Very positive - My mood is ...

Item score range: 1–7

need_to_belong

• I don't like being alone.
• I have a strong 'need to belong.'

Item score range: 1–7

need_for_cognition

• I would prefer complex to simple problems.
• Thinking is not my idea of fun. (inversed)
• I would rather do something that requires little thought than something that is sure to challenge my thinking abilities. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–7

need_for_closure

• I dont like situations that are uncertain.
• I dislike questions which could be answered in many different ways.
• I feel uncomfortable when I dont understand the reason why an event occurred in my life.

Item score range: 1–7

personality_specific_traits

• I don't like being alone.
• I have a strong 'need to belong.'
• I would prefer complex to simple problems.
• Thinking is not my idea of fun. (inversed)
• I would rather do something that requires little thought than something that is sure to challenge my thinking abilities. (inversed)
• I don’t like situations that are uncertain.
• I dislike questions which could be answered in many different ways.
• I feel uncomfortable when I don’t understand the reason why an event occurred in my life.

Item score range: 1–7

creepiness_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: creepiness_favorite_ai_user, creepiness_ai_no_user

ai_adoption_factors_open_question

• What would need to change for you to change your opinion and start using AI-based services on a regular basis?

ai_aversion_no_user

• I feel uneasy when I think about integrating AI systems into my daily activities.
• I believe that the benefits of AI are exaggerated by technology companies.
• I prefer relying on human judgment rather than on AI-driven processes.
• I find the general hype surrounding AI to be excessive.

Item score range: 1–7

concerns_about_loss_of_autonomy_no_user

• I feel that using AI reduces my control over important decisions.
• I am uncomfortable with machines making choices that affect my daily life.
• I worry that AI could reduce my ability to act independently.
• I believe that AI-driven automation could erode personal autonomy over time.

Item score range: 1–7

distrust_toward_ai_corporations_no_user

• I am uneasy about a few big AI companies having too much influence.
• I worry that the growth of AI will concentrate power in major corporations.
• I do not trust large tech firms to use AI responsibly for everyone.
• I believe that current AI development favors corporate interests over individual rights.

Item score range: 1–7

ecological_concerns_no_user

• I am concerned that the widespread adoption of AI could have a negative impact on the environment.
• I worry that AI development sometimes involves practices that are ethically questionable.
• I believe that AI systems may contribute to ecological degradation.
• I feel that the potential ethical issues associated with AI outweigh its benefits.

Item score range: 1–7

ethical_concerns_general_no_user

• I worry that AI could be used to unfairly shape public opinion.
• I worry that relying more on AI could worsen social inequality.
• I believe that AI often overlooks ethical issues in its design.
• I feel that the social risks of AI outweigh its benefits.

Item score range: 1–7

knowledge_how_to_start_using_ai_no_user

• If you would be prompted to now start using an AI system - would you know where to start and what to do?
• 1: Yes
• 2: No, not really

lack_of_fomo_no_user

• I do not worry about missing out on opportunities by not using AI.
• I feel secure in my current technological approach even though many others are adopting AI.
• I rarely feel pressured to keep up with the latest AI trends.
• I am content with the technology I use and do not feel left behind by AI advancements.

Item score range: 1–7

perceived_role_ai_should_take_no_user

• In your understanding: What role SHOULD AI systems generally take when one interacts with them?
• 1: Child
• 2: Servant
• 3: Pet
• 4: Student
• 5: Partner
• 6: Teacher
• 7: Boss
• 8: Friend
• 9: Colleague
• 10: Master
• 11: Other
• (Open-ended responses captured in: shld_role_part_noUser_11_TEXT)

perceived_lack_of_need_no_user

• I do not see any additional benefit in using AI when traditional methods already meet my needs.
• The tools I currently use are entirely sufficient for my work and personal tasks.
• I believe that AI does not offer a significant improvement over my existing technologies.
• I am satisfied with my current solutions and feel no compulsion to try AI-based alternatives.

Item score range: 1–7

preference_for_status_quo_no_user

• I feel confident in my current digital skills, so I do not need additional AI assistance.
• I am comfortable using the digital tools I have mastered without incorporating AI.
• Learning new AI technologies seems unnecessary given my proficiency with existing methods.
• I prefer to rely on familiar digital practices rather than exploring novel AI innovations.

Item score range: 1–7

security_concerns_no_user

• I worry that AI systems leave my personal information vulnerable.
• I worry that using AI in daily applications makes it easier for my data to be misused.
• I feel that AI lacks transparency about how it collects and processes my information.
• I believe that companies using AI to analyze data put my privacy at risk.

Item score range: 1–7

agency_favorite_ai

• (piped fav AI) can create new goals.
• (piped fav AI) can communicate with people.
• (piped fav AI) can show emotions to other people.
• (piped fav AI) can change their behavior based on how people treat them.
• (piped fav AI) can adapt to different situations.

Item score range: 1–5

agency_ai_no_user

• AI can create new goals.
• AI can communicate with people.
• AI can show emotions to other people.
• AI can change their behavior based on how people treat them.
• AI can adapt to different situations.

Item score range: 1–5

barrier_for_use

• I avoid AI because I worry about errors.
• I avoid AI because it feels too complicated.
• I avoid AI because I don’t trust it.
• I avoid AI because I fear it will replace my skills.

Item score range: 1–5

change_in_writing_without_ai

• Over the past year, has the amount of time you spend writing without AI increased, decreased, or stayed the same?
• 1: Decreased
• 2: Stayed the same
• 3: Increased

change_of_personal_role

• I believe AI will change my role in society.
• I think I can use AI to improve my work or life.
• I feel powerless to influence how AI affects me.
• I expect to adapt my skills because of AI.

Item score range: 1–5

consequences_ai_use_user

• personal development
• wellbeing
• personality
• friendships
• interactions with strangers
• interactions with family and friends
• relationships with family and friends
• feelings toward other people
• patience with other people
• politeness toward other people
• collaboration with colleages
• communication skills
• problem-solving skills
• other skills

Item score range: 1–7

consequences_ai_use_no_user

• personal development
• wellbeing
• personality
• friendships
• interactions with strangers
• interactions with family and friends
• relationships with family and friends
• feelings toward other people
• patience with other people
• politeness toward other people
• collaboration with colleages
• communication skills
• problem-solving skills
• other skills

Item score range: 1–7

companionship_favorite_ai

• During my interactions with (piped fav AI), I spend enjoyable time.
• I feel included when I interact with (piped fav AI).
• When I interact with (piped fav AI), it connects with me with things I like.
• I share activities with (piped fav AI) for fun.
• I have fun when interacting with (piped fav AI).
• (piped fav AI) does things with me that I enjoy.
• I spend leisure time interacting with (piped fav AI).
• I do things together with (piped fav AI) that I like.
• I participate in activities with (piped fav AI) that make me feel included.
• I spend time with (piped fav AI) in ways that make me feel I belong.

Item score range: 0–4

effect_on_behavior_toward_people_user

• The way I act toward AI affects how I interact with people.
• Being polite to AI makes me more polite to others.
• I talk to other people the same way I talk to AI.
• I treat other people the same way I treat AI.

Item score range: 1–5

effect_on_behavior_toward_people_no_user

• The way I act toward AI would affect how I interact with people.
• Being polite to AI would make me more polite to others.
• I would talk to other people the same way I talk to AI.
• I would treat other people the same way I treat AI.

Item score range: 1–5

ethical_concerns_delegation

• How concerned are you about the moral or ethical implications of delegating important tasks to AI?

Item score range: 1–5

parasocial_behavior_favorite_ai

• Say “thank you” and “good bye” to it.
• Occasionally react very emotionally towards it.
• Sometimes gesture towards it.
• Spontaneously say something to it in certain moments.
• Occasionally shout something at it.
• Express my thoughts and opinions to it.
• Am unfriendly or rude.
• Treat it the same way I treat other people.

Item score range: 1–7

parasocial_behavior_no_user

• Say “thank you” and “good bye” to it.
• Occasionally react very emotionally towards it.
• Sometimes gesture towards it.
• Spontaneously say something to it in certain moments.
• Occasionally shout something at it.
• Express my thoughts and opinions to it.
• Am unfriendly or rude.
• Treat it the same way I treat other people.

Item score range: 1–7

generalized_mind_perception_favorite_ai

• can feel happy.
• can love specific people.
• can feel pleasure.
• can experience gratitude.
• can feel pain.
• can feel stress.
• can experience fear.
• can feel tired.
• has a sense for what is right and wrong.
• behaves according to moral rules.
• can create new goals.
• can communicate with people.
• can hear and see the world
• can learn from instruction.

Item score range: 1–5

generalized_mind_perception_no_user

• can feel happy.
• can love specific people.
• can feel pleasure.
• can experience gratitude.
• can feel pain.
• can feel stress.
• can experience fear.
• can feel tired.
• has a sense for what is right and wrong.
• behaves according to moral rules.
• can create new goals.
• can communicate with people.
• can hear and see the world
• can learn from instruction.

Item score range: 1–5

hope_and_concern

• I hope AI will make life easier for most people.
• I hope AI will solve important global problems.
• I worry AI will take too many jobs. (inversed)
• I worry AI will increase social inequalities. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

impact_of_delegation_on_skills

• Do you think letting AI do more tasks for you has improved or reduced your own skills?
• 1: Strongly reduced
• 2: Somewhat reduced
• 3: No impact
• 4: Somewhat improved
• 5: Strongly improved
• 6: I do not let AI make any tasks for me (treated as NA)

impact_in_general_on_skills_user

• I believe AI will make me less skilled at tasks I currently do.
• I believe AI will help me learn new things.
• AI makes me rely less on my own abilities.
• AI helps me develop new skills.

Item score range: 1–5

impact_in_general_on_skills_no_user

• I believe AI would make me less skilled at tasks I currently do.
• I believe AI would help me learn new things.
• AI would make me rely less on my own abilities.
• AI would help me develop new skills.

Item score range: 1–5

microblog_profile

• Do you have a profile on a microblogging service (e.g., Bluesky, X, Truth Social)?

Item score range: 1–2

microblog_usage_frequency

• How often do you log in to microblogging services?

Item score range: 1–7

microblog_usage_since_ai_use

• Since you started using AI, do you use microblogging services less or more often?

Item score range: 1–5

professional_social_network_profile

• Do you have a profile on a social networking site for professional purposes (e.g., LinkedIn)?

Item score range: 1–2

professional_social_network_usage_frequency

• How often do you log in to social networking sites for professional purposes?

Item score range: 1–7

professional_social_network_usage_since_ai_use

• Since you started using AI, do you use professional social networking sites less or more often?

Item score range: 1–5

machine_heuristic_1_favorite_ai

• expert
• efficient
• rigid
• fair
• complex
• superfluous

Item score range: 1–7

machine_heuristic_1_no_user

• expert
• efficient
• rigid
• fair
• complex
• superfluous

Item score range: 1–7

machine_heuristic_2_favorite_ai

• neutral
• unbiased
• objective
• accurate

Item score range: 1–7

machine_heuristic_2_no_user

• neutral
• unbiased
• objective
• accurate

Item score range: 1–7

mind_perception_favorite_ai

• (piped fav AI) can feel happy.
• (piped fav AI) can love specific people.
• (piped fav AI) can feel pleasure.
• (piped fav AI) can experience gratitude.
• (piped fav AI) can feel pain.
• (piped fav AI) can feel stress.
• (piped fav AI) can experience fear.
• (piped fav AI) can feel tired.
• (piped fav AI) can see and hear the world.
• (piped fav AI) can learn from instruction.

Item score range: 1–5

mind_perception_no_user

• AI can feel happy.
• AI can love specific people.
• AI can feel pleasure.
• AI can experience gratitude.
• AI can feel pain.
• AI can feel stress.
• AI can experience fear.
• AI can feel tired.
• AI can see and hear the world.
• AI can learn from instruction.

Item score range: 1–5

number_of_tasks_delegated_to_ai

• In the last two months, how many tasks did you complete entirely using AI assistance? (By task we mean anything you personally consider a task)
• 1: None
• 2: 1–2
• 3: 3–5
• 4: 6–10
• 5: More than 10

perceived_changes_attitudes_usage

• I feel more comfortable using AI than I did a year ago.
• I trust AI more now than I did a year ago.
• I use AI more frequently now than I did a year ago.
• I feel more anxious about AI than I did a year ago. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_moral_agency_favorite_ai

• (piped fav AI) has a sense for what is right and wrong.
• (piped fav AI) can think through whether an action is moral.
• (piped fav AI) might feel obligated to behave in a moral way.
• (piped fav AI) is capable of being rational about good and evil.
• (piped fav AI) behaves according to moral rules.
• (piped fav AI) would refrain from doing things that have painful repercussions.
• (piped fav AI) can only behave how it is programmed to behave. (inversed)
• (piped fav AI)'s actions are the result of its programming. (inversed)
• (piped fav AI) can only do what humans tell it to do. (inversed)
• (piped fav AI) would never do anything it was not programmed to do. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

perceived_moral_agency_no_user

• AI has a sense for what is right and wrong.
• AI can think through whether an action is moral.
• AI might feel obligated to behave in a moral way.
• AI is capable of being rational about good and evil.
• AI behaves according to moral rules.
• AI would refrain from doing things that have painful repercussions.
• AI can only behave how it is programmed to behave. (inversed)
• AI's actions are the result of its programming. (inversed)
• AI can only do what humans tell it to do. (inversed)
• AI would never do anything it was not programmed to do. (inversed)

Item score range: 1–5

perception_of_being_left_behind

• I feel left behind by how quickly AI is advancing.
• I worry I won’t keep up with new AI tools.
• I feel confident I can adapt to AI changes. (inversed)
• I think AI is moving faster than I can learn.

Item score range: 1–5

potential_motivators_for_ai_usage

• I would use AI if it were easier to understand.
• I would use AI if it felt more trustworthy.
• I would use AI if it saved me time.
• I would use AI if it fit my daily routines.

Item score range: 1–5

willingness_to_delegate

• Post public updates on social media for you.
• Reply to generic messages (e.g., appointment confirmations).
• Reply to private messages from friends or family.
• Choose topics or articles you share on social media.
• Recommend potential dating partners.
• Start conversations with potential dating partners.
• Make final choices about whom you date.
• Schedule medical appointments for you.
• Choose which doctor or specialist you should see.
• Summarize your health information for you.
• Provide you with recommendations on treating minor health issues.
• Decide whether you should seek medical care for a symptom.
• Choose which treatment option you should follow for a diagnosed condition.
• Make emergency medical decisions for you if you are unable to do so.

Item score range: 1–6

willingness_to_delegate_change

• Compared to when this study started, how has your willingness to delegate tasks to AI changed?

Item score range: 1–5

willingness_to_delegate_future

• In the future, do you think you will let AI do more and more tasks for you?

Item score range: 1–5

agency_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: agency_favorite_ai, agency_ai_no_user

effect_on_behavior_toward_people_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: effect_on_behavior_toward_people_user, effect_on_behavior_toward_people_no_user

impact_in_general_on_skills_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: impact_in_general_on_skills_user, impact_in_general_on_skills_no_user

machine_heuristic_1_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: machine_heuristic_1_favorite_ai, machine_heuristic_1_no_user

machine_heuristic_2_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: machine_heuristic_2_favorite_ai, machine_heuristic_2_no_user

mind_perception_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: mind_perception_favorite_ai, mind_perception_no_user

parasocial_behavior_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: parasocial_behavior_favorite_ai, parasocial_behavior_no_user

perceived_moral_agency_overall

• This is a composite scale. See constituent scales: perceived_moral_agency_favorite_ai, perceived_moral_agency_no_user

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