Longitudinal Dataset of Psychological Variables Influencing AI Perception and Usage
====================================================

This file contains documentation about a collaborative longitudinal study
conducted at the Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien (IWM), Tübingen, within the
project Human Machine Communication (HMC).


## Abstract

Since the emergence of large language models (LLMs) in 2022, generative artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly expanded into mainstream applications, leading, for example, to the integration of Apple Intelligence into customer devices in 2024.
This integration into personal technology marks a significant shift and a further reduction in barriers to use, bringing advanced AI capabilities into everyday devices and making them accessible to private individuals.
Thus, the use of generative AI--consciously or unconsciously--along with interaction through LLM-powered (voice) assistants and engagement with AI-generated content is expected to increase significantly.
However, data that link this usage to psychological variables and track it over time remain scarce.
This longitudinal study comprises the data from an US-American sample across six waves at two-month intervals between September 2024 and July 2025. It examines user behavior, attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions related to generative AI.
Thus, this data set allows for future research on psychological and behavioral dynamics of AI use over time, offering insights into user engagement and the individual factors connected to it.


## Project status

- Data collection is finished
- Data analysis for several work packages in progress


## Contributors

- Anna Christina Faller, a.faller@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Angelica Henestrosa, a.henestrosa@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Büsra Sarigül, b.sariguel@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Gerrit Anders, g.anders@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Irena Vanessa Ivan, v.ivan@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Nora Hampel, n.hampel@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Mike Prentice, mprent08@gmail.com
- Nico Ehrhardt, n.ehrhardt@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Sonja Utz, s.utz@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Stefanie Klein, s.klein@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Teresa Luther, t.luther@iwm-tuebingen.de
- Nora Wickelmaier, n.wickelmaier@iwm-tuebingen.de


## Waves

The waves were collectec over the following dates:

* Wave 1: 2024-09-03
* Wave 2: 2024-11-06 - 2024-11-21
* Wave 3: 2025-01-08 - 2025-01-22
* Wave 4: 2025-03-05 - 2025-03-19
* Wave 5: 2025-05-07 - 2025-05-20
* Wave 6: 2025-07-02 - 2025-07-18

## ChatGPT versions during data collection

* May 2024: ChatGPT with GPT-3.5
* Dec 2024: ChatGPT with GPT-4o and GPT-4o mini
* May 2025: ChatGPT with GPT-4.1
* Aug 2025: ChatGPT with GPT-5 and GPT-5 mini (after data collection)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT#Model_versions

## Folder structure and files

```
 data
 |-- 01_project_management
 |   |-- workpackages
 |   |   |-- workpackages.md
 |-- 02_material
 |   |-- AI_Trends_Wave1_Survey.pdf
 |   |-- AI_Trends_Wave2_Survey.pdf
 |   |-- AI_Trends_Wave3_Survey.pdf
 |   |-- AI_Trends_Wave4_Survey.pdf
 |   |-- AI_Trends_Wave5_Survey.pdf
 |   |-- AI_Trends_Wave6_Survey.pdf
 |-- 03_data
 |   |-- 01_raw_data
 |   |   |-- anonymization.R
 |   |-- 02_anonymized_data
 |   |   |-- cleaning.R
 |   |-- 03_cleaned_data
 |   |   |-- csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave1_cleaned.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave2_cleaned.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave3_cleaned.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave4_cleaned.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave5_cleaned.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave6_cleaned.csv
 |   |   |-- item_reference.md
 |   |-- 04_preprocessed_data
 |   |   |-- csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave1_preprocessed.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave2_preprocessed.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave3_preprocessed.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave4_preprocessed.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave5_preprocessed.csv
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave6_preprocessed.csv
 |   |   |-- excel
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave1_preprocessed.xlsx
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave2_preprocessed.xlsx
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave3_preprocessed.xlsx
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave4_preprocessed.xlsx
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave5_preprocessed.xlsx
 |   |   |   |-- HMC_wave6_preprocessed.xlsx
 |   |   |-- database_api_reference.md
 |   |   |-- hmc_data.sqlite
 |   |-- HMC_codebook.xlsx
 |   |-- README.md
 |-- README.md
```

